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	The History Administrative and Mutual Aid Regions Map OES Today Acronyms The Disasters The Governor’s Office of Emergency Services, much like the state it serves, has a rich and storied past. Since 1917, State level emergency organizations have existed in California. But disasters, most notably the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, had a major impact on the state long before then. Because of the large number of natural and human-caused disasters, California from its earliest days was moved into its present role as a leader in disaster preparedness, response and recovery. The original impetus for disaster preparation, however, was planning for war. California’s legislative bodies learned from those wartime experiences to build OES into an agency now recognized worldwide for its natural and man-made disaster preparedness and response role. Since 1945, the state Legislature has given a single agency the responsibility for planning and preparing for war-caused emergencies, natural disasters and civil disturbances. It has recognized that the problems created by many types of disasters are similar. Programs, equipment, and emergency personnel are available for use in coping with any disaster, the main differences being in the degree and extent of damage and destruction, and in the primary types of assistance required. OES started in 1917, in the midst of World War I. We begin its long and colorful history there: 1917: State Council of Defense On March 29, 1917, the state Legislature adopted the following wording which formed the first version of OES, called the State Council of Defense : “An act to create a State Council of Defense to make investigations into the effect of the occurrence of war upon the civil and economical life of the people of the State of California; to recommend to the Governor measures to provide for the public security, the better protection of public health, a fuller development of the economic resources of the state and the encouragement of military training; to impose upon public officers certain duties in connection therewith; and to make appropriation for the purposes of this act.” (Stats. 1917, Ch. 32, approved March 29, 1917, in effect immediately.) This first State Council of Defense consisted of 33 members appointed by the Governor, with the Governor as ex officio chairman. The members were to be appointed from state officials, military personnel, staff of the University of California, and other qualified citizens of the state and nation. A vice chairman, appointed by the Governor, was to “devote his entire time to the work of the State Council of Defense,” the bill read. The other members were to serve without pay, except reimbursement for expenses. The duties of the Council were as set forth in the title of the act, and a total of $100,000 was appropriated to accomplish these purposes. The adoption of this act as an urgency measure was obviously geared towards a wartime situation, and read “. . . the President of the United States has called the Congress to meet in special session to consider measures for national defense and has summoned the National Guard of the State of California.” The Governor had the authorization to dissolve the State Council of Defense or cause its activities to be suspended or terminated when found appropriate. This act was not repealed until 1935. 1929: State Emergency Council The next step toward the eventual formation of OES occurred in 1929. Various attempts had been made, particularly by municipalities, to draw up preparedness plans and to have a working organization ready whenever disaster might strike. In 1929 California created the State Emergency Council. It was approved by the Legislature on June 3, 1929 and took effect August 14, 1929. The State Emergency Council was comprised of the heads of the State Departments of Finance, Public Works, Military Affairs, and Public Health; one member each representing the American Legion, the American Red Cross, the transportation interests of California, and the business organizations of the state; and one peace officer. The Council was to elect one of its members as chairman. The members were appointed by the Governor for two-year terms and served without pay, other than reimbursement for expenses. The purpose of the Council was to prepare a plan and to consider ways of dealing with all emergencies. The Governor was required to declare, in times of extraordinary stress and wide-spread disaster, that an emergency existed. When there was conflict or inadequate local police authority, the Governor was to designate officers or departments to take charge of the necessary response. Under the direction of the Governor these officers had the authority of the highest police power, and it was directed that local governments cooperate with the state. 1941: California State Council of Defense In 1941, about the time of America’s entry into World War II, a temporary body with limited powers to be known as the California State Council of Defense, was created to facilitate state and local government participation in the National Defense Program. Its main function was to coordinate governmental and private agencies in the defense effort. This Council consisted of the Governor as ex officio chairman, the Attorney General, the Adjutant General, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Director of Public Health, and 20 members appointed by and serving at the pleasure of the Governor subject to Senate confirmation. Two members of the Senate and three members of the Assembly were appointed to meet with and participate in the work of the Council. Again, members received no compensation. The California State Council of Defense was scheduled to continue until September 1, 1943, but it was repealed by the California War Powers Act. 1943: California State War Council The Legislature passed the State War Powers Act as its first official action in 1943 by special session.This created the State War Council to replace the State Council of Defense, to increase the emergency war powers of the Governor during World War II, and to provide an adequately financed official agency for the coordination of the local, state, and federal civilian war effort in California. The act provided that it should terminate at the expiration of six months after “cessation of hostilities.” It was approved January 30, 1943, and went into effect May 1, 1943. The State War Council originally consisted of the Governor; the Lieutenant Governor; the State Director of Civilian Defense; the State Director of Civilian Protection; the State Director of Civilian War Services; the Attorney General; two representatives of city governments and two representatives of county governments, who were appointed by and served at the pleasure of the Governor; as well as two members of the Senate and two members of the Assembly. Council members were not paid. The Governor was to be ex officio chairman, the State Director of Civilian Defense was ex officio vice chairman, and the State Director of Civilian defense was to be ex officio vice chairman of the War Council. The War Powers Act divided the civilian war effort into two operational segments — Protective Services and War Services. Protective Services was composed of police, fire, health, rescue, demolition, and repair, and other protective service officials and auxiliary civilian volunteer groups. The War Services branch was designed to assist in maintaining civilian morale and providing opportunities for constructive volunteer service in the total war effort. The volunteer citizen accomplishments from January 1943 to the close of the war included planning and training programs. The acceptance of the program and public enthusiasm for it was apparent when more than a million volunteers registered in the various programs during the wartime period. Under this act, the Governor was authorized to create advisory committees to assist in specific fields of civilian defense activity. Appointed advisory committees were made up of outstanding leaders in the various protective and service fields. The first development of the statewide mutual aid program occurred during this period. Cities, counties, and the State of California joined together in a Master Mutual Aid Agreement which provides for mutual aid between and among cities, counties, and state agencies. The same system has been used to access federal response resources. Mutual aid is provided first at the local level. If a city requires assistance, it requests support from neighboring cities or from the county (Operational Area); if not able to assist, the request is presented to the OES regional office. If the regional office cannot meet all requests from its counties (Operational Areas), the requests are presented to the State Office of Emergency Services. The Mutual Aid System evolved from a program initiated by Attorney General Earl Warren early in 1938 among law enforcement agencies throughout California. It was designed to coordinate law enforcement action during local emergencies and to unite law enforcement services in the event of a national emergency. Under the War Powers Act, a coordinated program of mutual aid between cities and counties had been established. Under that program 10 Regional Civilian Protection Officers would have directed protective services through city, county, region, and state control centers in the event of enemy attack. The War Council was reorganized in 1944. The membership then consisted of the Governor; the Lieutenant Governor; the director of the California State War Council; the Attorney General; two representatives of city governments; two representatives of county governments; and two members of the Senate and the Assembly. The Governor was the ex officio chairman and the Lieutenant Governor was ex officio vice chairman of the War Council. The Office of the Director of the California State War Council was created in the Governor’s Office, and provisions were made for the assignment of certain activities to regular state agencies. By 1945, 241 local war council organizations had been established in California counties and cities to carry out this program under the direction of local authority. Late in World War II, after the collapse of Germany and when victory over Japan appeared imminent, Governor Warren requested a survey of the wartime program, in the hopes of taking the benefits of the state’s wartime experiences and establishing a peacetime organization to combat local or state emergencies. 1945: California State Disaster Council By enactment of the California Disaster Act in 1945, the State War Council was superseded by the California State Disaster Council. (Stats. 1945, Ch. 1024, effective September 14, 1945.) The Disaster Council was composed of essentially the same personnel as the earlier councils, and was established as an advisory body to the Governor, charged with the responsibility of promoting the development of a State Disaster Preparedness Plan based on mutual aid between state and local governmental agencies. It was designed primarily to provide for mitigation of local or statewide natural disasters, but also to address needs of the state when the country was engaged in war. A California Disaster Operations Procedure and Alert List was developed and approved by the State Disaster Council on November 8, 1945. Between 1945 and 1950 Council activities were limited, but many additional local disaster councils were accredited and considerable progress was made in mutual aid planning, particularly in the law enforcement and fire services. 1950: California State Disaster Council and Office of Civil Defense In 1950, when the Korean War escalated and the national government initiated a civil defense program, the staff of the State Disaster Council was quickly expanded. At a special session of the Legislature held in September of that year, the California Disaster Act was amended to encompass civil defense programs in line with federal recommendations. To accomplish this, the amendment also provided a staff, to be known as the Office of Civil Defense, headed by a Director of Civil Defense. The Governor was authorized to assign all of his powers and duties under the California Disaster Act to this director. The first comprehensive California Civil Defense and Disaster Relief Plan was issued in October 1950, and in many ways, resembles today’s structure. This plan was basically civil defense oriented, having been developed with the assistance of representatives of the Sixth U.S. Army, but one of its purposes was to combat the effects of natural-caused disasters. Some of the annexes, particularly those for fire and law enforcement, included more detail relating to natural disaster. The California Disaster and Civil Defense Master Mutual Aid Agreement was also developed in 1950 and was adopted by all California counties, nearly every incorporated city, and hundreds of special districts. The agreement created a formal structure where jurisdictions voluntarily assisted each other by exchanging resources during disasters. The state agreed to also provide available resources to assist local jurisdictions in emergencies. The state was divided into Mutual Aid Regions, with offices staffed by the Office of Civil Defense to coordinate these activities. On September 6, 1955, the Governor first promulgated orders, rules, and regulations to take effect immediately in the event of enemy attack upon the state or on receipt of official warning that such an attack was probable. 1956: California State Disaster Council and California Disaster Office In 1956, to emphasize the importance of the natural disaster aspects of the state’s disaster preparedness programs, the Legislature amended the California Disaster Act to authorize the Governor to proclaim a “state of disaster,” as well as a “state of extreme emergency.” The Act also changed the name of the Office of Civil Defense to “California Disaster Office.” It was stipulated that the office should act as the coordinator of all state disaster activities, and that every state agency and officer should cooperate with the office’s director in rendering all possible assistance. A revised Civil Defense and Disaster Plan was issued in January 1958. This plan gave equal emphasis to civil defense and disaster aspects of the program. It also included the first series of Administrative Orders, which were issued to 16 state agencies pursuant to an Executive Order by Governor Goodwin J. Knight. Under the authority of an executive order, administrative orders summarize emergency assignments of state agencies. Each state agency develops its own plan, including specific procedures and checklists necessary for accomplishing assigned tasks. Agency plans may delegate authority and assign responsibilities to divisions, bureaus, field offices, or other components of the agency. In March 1959, a Civil Defense Operations Plan was issued. This plan was developed under a federally-funded project supervised by the California Disaster Office. It was applicable during a state of extreme emergency when an enemy attack was probable, imminent, or actual. In 1961, Section 1510 of the Disaster Act, relating to membership of the State Disaster Council, was amended to provide for alternates to be designated by and serve for the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the Attorney General, the President pro tempore of the Senate, and the Speaker of the Assembly. A complete revision of the California Civil Defense and Disaster Plan was issued in November 1963. This provided the basic assumptions and concepts for the development of the Supporting Operations Plans, as well as a variety of legislation, executive orders, administrative orders, and other official references affecting civil defense and disaster activities in California. In 1968, Governor Ronald Reagan issued an Emergency Resources Management Plan, developed by the Disaster Office with the assistance of the private sector and government. The plan was designed to enable the best possible management of available resources, both human and material, should the nation be subjected to enemy attack. It was based on maximum reliance on the private sector of the economy to perform voluntarily in an emergency, under overall guidance and direction provided by government. 1970: California Emergency Council and Office of Emergency Services In 1970, California’s emergency management agency as we fundamentally know it today was formed when the California Emergency Services Act was passed, superseding the California Disaster Act. The new act redesignated the State Disaster Council as the California Emergency Council, with no major changes in composition, powers, or duties. But it renamed the California Disaster Office as the Office of Emergency Services, retaining that office in the Office of the Governor but providing civil service status for its employees. It was approved on September 19, 1970, effective November 23, 1970. The duties and responsibilities of the Director of the Office of Emergency Services who reports directly to the Governor are defined in the Government Code, Chapter 7. Other duties and responsibilities are delegated to the Director by the Governor. More specifically, the duties included but are not limited to: *Direction. Oversight and coordination of all statewide emergency preparedness, and post emergency mitigation efforts, and development, review, approval, and integration of federal emergency response plans. It also includes integration of volunteers from the private sector, direction and oversight of all drills, training, and exercising of emergency plans. Reduction of all hazards.* This included directing departmental efforts relating to hazard identification, either natural or man-made, and identification of mechanisms for hazard reduction, including but not limited to promoting and negotiating changes in statewide land use policies and codes relating to public safety. *Disaster response.* Duties were related to development and maintenance of any and all mechanisms related to the effective use of state and local resources. This also included direction of the state’s emergency response including maintenance of necessary records, and the gathering of accurate disaster damage data for the Governor, and subsequently, the President. This effort included the responsibility for prioritizing the use of disaster response resources during major disasters. *Directing disaster recovery.* The Director is solely responsible for directing coordination of all efforts related to immediate and long-term disaster recovery. This includes oversight of repair and replacement of public facilities, as well as all efforts related to immediate relief of human suffering via delivery of federal, state, local, and voluntary benefits. During recovery, the Director functions as the Governor’s Authorized Representative and the State Coordinating Officer. The California Emergency Services Act constitutes a complete revision of the former act. This revision established the legal basis for the Governor’s response to emergency situations with which the state might be faced, regardless of the destructive force involved. The major objectives of this revision are to provide clarification of the many amendments to the Disaster Act since it was originally enacted in 1945. Then, in 1971, an updated California Emergency Plan was issued by Governor Reagan, to serve as a basis for the conduct of emergency operations by all jurisdictions. California updated all of its plans and procedures to fulfill local emergency preparedness responsibilities. This plan consisted of a Basic Emergency Plan, a Peacetime Emergency Plan, a War Emergency Plan, and a compendium of legislation and references. Under Governor Reagan’s administration, law enforcement and fire mutual aid programs increased. Activities included intelligence-gathering operations, pre-emergency liaison, and support to local jurisdictions through additional physical resources. During the 1970s, OES developed the state’s emergency operations plan and also focused on assisting other state agencies in developing their supporting plans. Maintenance, activation and management of the State Operations Center was also OES’s responsibility including assuring the availability of reliable emergency communications facilities. Emphasis was placed on assisting local jurisdictions in emergency management planning and training, establishing strong lines of coordination with local responders, and providing direct support and assistance to cities and counties impacted by an emergency. Although the office was created to fill a civil defense need in the years immediately following World War II, the planning and response focus shifted very early to include natural hazards as well. Floods, earthquakes, and fires were the source of nearly all of the large scale activations of the State Operations Center. Throughout the 1970s increasing attention was given to the potential for technological or other man-made disasters such as toxic chemical releases, dam failure, oil spills, or an accident at one of the state’s nuclear power plants. Traditional civil defense planning was continued, although interest had shifted from an anticipated super powers confrontation to the potential threat of terrorism. *Mutual Aid* An innovative feature of the OES structure during this period was the state’s mutual aid system and its basic structure is still intact today. The Master Mutual Aid Agreement, signed by all 58 counties and most cities, created a formal structure where each jurisdiction could retain control of its own personnel and facilities but could still give or receive help whenever needed. The agreement also obligated the state to provide available resources to assist local jurisdictions in emergencies. To facilitate the organization and provision of mutual aid, the state was divided into six mutual aid regions. County units functioned as operational areas, coordinating the provision of mutual aid for its subdivisions. For law enforcement, the county sheriff served as the operational area mutual aid coordinator and was elected by law enforcement in each county. (The Emergency Services Act, Sections 8559 and 8605, discuss the operational area. Section 8559: “An operational area is an intermediate level of the state emergency services organization, consisting of a county and all political subdivisions within the county area.” Section 8605: “Each county is designated as an operational area.”) If requests for mutual aid assistance could not be filled at the region, they were forwarded to OES Headquarters (or the State Operations Center or State Coordination Center, if activated). They were filled either with OES resources, those from a local jurisdiction from another OES region, another state agency, or directed to a private vendor. If the request could not be filled at the state level, either because the state system was overloaded or the needed resource was highly specialized, the request was forwarded on to the federal government. *Training* Emergency management training was another important element of the OES mission from this period. OES participated in training programs for local government and state agencies since its inception; however, most of the training involved state-wide implementation of the Federal Emergency Management Training Program and some function- specific, such as law or fire mutual aid, training. Although these other elements of training continue, the OES role in training changed greatly with the absorption of the California Specialized Training Institute (CSTI) into the Office of Emergency Services in 1985. CSTI had been created in 1971 as a grant project of the California Military Department to train National Guard members and their civilian counterparts from law enforcement agencies. A need was identified for a broader type of training focusing on effective local, state, and federal interaction during any kind of emergency. In the early 1980s emergency management courses focusing on earthquake response became a major, and extremely popular, element of the diverse CSTI catalogue. In recognition of its state-wide interdisciplinary nature, the Legislature assigned CSTI the task of overseeing development and implementation of hazardous materials training. As a result, CSTI has won recognition as the preeminent emergency training center in the nation. Several other programs that began in the 1970s and 1980s continue having influence today. Some of those include: *Earthquake Planning and Preparedness Programs* In 1972 and 1973 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) prepared reports estimating earthquake losses in the San Francisco and Los Angeles areas. These reports clearly demonstrated that a major earthquake would cause damage that would devastate the current capabilities of the local, state, and federal response communities. Two significant events that shaped California’s current earthquake preparedness program occurred in 1979. Governor Jerry Brown appointed the Earthquake Task Force, bringing together representatives of local, state, and federal agencies, private industry, and volunteer agencies to address planning and preparedness issues. The Task Force remained active through 1985, developing and drafting the California Earthquake Response Plan for the Southern San Andreas Fault in 1983, and subsequent Northern California Plan. After the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption in Washington, the U.S. Geological Survey took a closer look at geologic hazards facing urban areas, which included re-evaluation of the estimates NOAA made in 1972-73 for earthquake hazards in California. There were concerns that a damaging earthquake would occur in Southern California and that state and local governments were unprepared to deal with the consequences. That prompted establishment of a joint state-federal effort to accelerate preparedness. The Southern California Earthquake Preparedness Project (SCEPP) and the Bay Area Earthquake Preparedness Project (BAREPP) were created as part of the Seismic Safety Commission and in the mid-1980s joined OES. *Radiological and Hazardous Materials Programs* OES had been involved in federally funded radiological programs since the early 1950s, beginning with tracking fallout from Nevada and later shifting to a civil defense focus. In 1979, after the accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, OES was assigned the task of coordinating studies and planning for emergencies at California’s nuclear power plants. OES has been involved in planning for hazardous materials emergencies since 1981, developing the state’s initial plan for response to hazardous materials incidents, operating a centralized notification system, and keeping track of post-incident reports. However, interest in hazardous materials issues intensified after the 1984 Bhopal, India, chemical disaster. The Legislature passed AB 2185 (Waters) a hazardous materials emergency planning and community right-to-know law in 1985 which assigned new regulatory responsibilities to OES. In 1986 the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Superfund Amendments Authorization Act of 1986 requiring each governor to establish a state commission and local planning committees to implement a similar federal planning and right-to-know law. The former OES Hazardous Materials Division grew to support this state commission and six regional planning committees. In 1987 the Legislature passed AB 3777 (LaFollette) focusing on chemical accident prevention, requiring businesses to devel op risk management, and assigned OES the task of developing program guidelines and providing assistance to local implementing agencies. OES has been assigned these hazardous materials programs because they are founded in emergency response planning, coordinated with other types of emergency planning (such as that for catastrophic earthquakes), and require coordinated multi-disciplinary responses. In addition to specific response plans for state/federal agency coordination at these incidents, OES provides assistance to local jurisdictions. Federally funded radiological training focuses not only on civil defense related issues but also on peace time applications, such as response to transportation accidents involving radiological materials. OASIS Earthquake simulation exercises in 1987 and 1989, and the response to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, highlighted the need for a manageable and effective system for compiling disaster intelligence and resource requests. In pursuing solutions, OES identified several issues. One problem was that a number of jurisdictions were discussing the same information or resource needs. Another was the need for a high capacity, failsafe communications system. To address these, OES proposed expanded use of the operational area concept in emergencies, and development of an alternate network of communications hardware. These proposals are the focus of the Operational Area Satellite Information System (OASIS). OASIS offered a systematic approach for exchanging disaster intelligence and resource requests between special districts, cities, counties, operational areas, and the state. The communications hardware component included a high frequency radio system and a satellite communications network, each with one downlink per county and also downlinks to state agencies, including OES. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) participated in the planning process and provided matching funds for the development of OASIS guidelines and support for development of prototype operational areas. A communications study, funded under the Federal Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1986, resulted in state funding for a high frequency (HF) radio system and a satellite communications network. As part of the OASIS project, these two systems were designed to connect all 58 counties with OES and other state agencies for disaster communications and day-to-day traffic. The satellite system, which uses technology similar to cellular telephones, has 60 channels. OES Coordination The Office of Emergency Services has supported several boards, committees, and commissions. Some of these include: *California Emergency Council* The California Emergency Council is the official advisory board to the Governor on matters pertaining to statewide emergency preparedness. Established by the Emergency Services Act, the Council also may act as an advisory body to the Governor in times of emergency. The Emergency Council meets periodically to review plans and accredit local Disaster Councils. *Governor’s Emergency Operations Executive Council* The Governor’s Emergency Operations Executive Council (GEOEC) supplements the California Emergency Council, and in times of emergencies may advise the Governor on policy issues and application of state resources. The GEOEC was created by Governor George Deukmejian to provide a mechanism for seeking input from the directors of emergency response-oriented state agencies. The GEOEC is supported by the Statewide Emergency Planning Committee (SWEPC), made up of staff level planners from state agencies that deal with emergency planning and coordination issues. SWEPC meets quarterly. *California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council* The California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council (CEPEC), established in 1974 as an advisory committee to OES, was officially appointed in 1976. CEPEC acts as an advisory body to the Director of OES relating to earthquake predictions. It may also be activated to evaluate and assess information on seismic activity, particularly the occurrence of earthquakes that may be foreshocks. Meetings of CEPEC are held quarterly or as required to evaluate predictions. Upon review of the prediction, CEPEC will advise the OES Director of the validity of the prediction and, if the prediction is considered valid, the OES Director will notify the Governor and may implement the Short-Term Earthquake Prediction Response Plan or take other actions as appropriate. That plan includes notification of local governments of the prediction and the public release of information. The members of CEPEC are appointed by the Governor, upon recommendation by the OES Director and the CEPEC Chairperson. *Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission* The Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission (CEPRC) was established by an Executive Order to fill the requirement in Title III, the Federal Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. The act requires that each governor establish a state emergency response commission to address a variety of hazardous materials planning and community right-to-know issues. The commission also provides input regarding the state’s implementation of the federal law. The CEPRC also appoints members and provides direction to local emergency planning established in each of the six OES Mutual Aid Regions. Each LEPC has 15 members representing a variety of disciplines interested in hazardous materials management and four ad hoc positions designed to help the commission fit the needs of the region. *Citizens Advisory Committee* The Citizens Advisory Committee on Nuclear Emergency Planning (CAC) was created in 1988 by SB 2591 (Hart). A committee to review the planning and public information being provided around the state’s nuclear power plants was based on a recommendation of the Task Force on California Nuclear Emergency Response shortly after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in the former Soviet Union. The nine members of the committee represent specific disciplines and are appointed by the Governor, Chairperson of Senate Rules Committee, and Speaker of the Assembly. *California Utilities Emergency Association (CUEA)* The Governor of California chartered the California Utilities Emergency Association (CUEA) in 1952 as part of the state’s Civil Defense Plan. The Association was created as a Joint Powers Agreement to represent California utilities on utility emergency-related issues. In 1997, the CUEA filed for nonprofit status as a public benefit corporation. Utility emergency-related issues in California are addressed through the Utilities Branch of the State Operations Center and Regional Emergency Operations Centers. Utilities covered under this branch include gas, electric, telecommunications, water, waste-water, and petroleum pipeline industries. During emergencies, the Utilities Branch is activated to enhance the state’s capability to respond to and recover from emergencies by providing an improved structure for cooperation and communication among utilities and government agencies. Trained utility representatives may also respond to the SOC or may staff the utilities function at the REOC. The utility function at Operational Area EOC’s works in coordination with the Regional Emergency Operations Centers. *OES Fire and Rescue Advisory Committee* The OES Fire and Rescue Service Advisory Committee is a representative group of the fire service established to provide guidance and assistance to OES in all matters relating to planning, preparation, and response to fire and rescue disasters utilizing the Rescue Mutual Aid plan and Mutual Aid System. The Committee also serves as the Board of Directors for FIRESCOPE (Firefighting Resources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies), which is responsible for overseeing the expansion of the Incident Command System throughout the state and for implementating other FIRESCOPE programs statewide. The Chief of the OES Fire and Rescue Division serves as the coordinator for the committee. *Urban Search and Rescue Advisory Committee* The Urban Search and Heavy Rescue Advisory Committee was established in 1989 to advise the OES Director. The multi-disciplinary committee includes representation from local, state, and federal agencies and encompasses volunteer groups, medical specialists, and engineers. The committee makes policy recommendations relating to rescue techniques, resources, guidelines, and procedures, training for professionals and volunteers; coordination of local, state, federal, international, and private sector resources; development of an urban search and rescue mutual aid plan, and other issues related to urban search and heavy rescue. California’s US&R program formed the foundation of the National Urban Search and Rescue Program. SEMS The Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) is the system used for coordinating state and local emergency response in California. SEMS provides a multiple level emergency response organization that facilitates the flow of emergency information and resources. As a direct result of events during the 1991 East Bay Hills fire, Senator Nicolas Petris introduced SB 1841. The bill signed into law by Governor Wilson directed OES to establish by regulation the Standardized Emergency Management System. The system consists of Incident Command System, mutual aid, the operational area concept and multi-interagency coordination. SEMS was developed in coordination with all interested state agencies with designated response roles in the state emergency plan and interested local emergency management agencies. It officially took effect on December 1, 1996. OES established the SEMS Development Advisory Committee to assist in the development of the system and regulations. OES also established a maintenance system to improve SEMS when necessary and keep it responsive to changing technology and circumstances. RIMS (Response Information Management System ) RIMS is a successor to the Operational Area Satellite Information System (OASIS) project and uses the OASIS data communications capability. Utilizing the program Lotus Notes, RIMS uses the essential elements of information identified by the OASIS project. RIMS also uses the existing OES statewide computer network. RIMS is an integral part of the OES Information Management Strategic Plan. Technology for RIMS has been used for daily-use information processing applications throughout OES. Applications include purchasing, timekeeping, asset inventory control, work plans, and the next generation of Public Assistance Damage Survey Report Management Information System (PADMIS). The purpose of RIMS is to improve OES’s level of service and efficiency by improving its ability to respond to, manage, and coordinate requests for resources; and collect, process, and disseminate information during and after a disaster. The first major test for RIMS was the flooding disaster in January 1997. The automated tracking system utilized in the floods for tracking requests for emergency resources and other emergency functions excelled as expected. In the spring of 1997, OES earned a national award for Outstanding Achievement in the Field of Information Technology in the competition sponsored by the National Association of State Information Resource Executives (NASHIRE). RIMS was recognized as the best state government client/server application in the nation. GIS (Geographic Information System) GIS is a display and analysis high resolution mapping that integrates the latest in computer technology. OES’s involvement with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has evolved enormously since it was created in the early 1980s. At that time, the Southern California Earthquake Preparedness Project (SCEPP) contracted for GIS analysis regarding potential earthquakes. In Northern California, similar efforts were pursued with Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG), and by the Bay Area Earthquake Preparedness Project (BAREPP). The Hazardous Materials Division of OES has also been active in GIS since the early 1990s. Use of GIS for real time display and analysis was being introduced to the emergency services world by FEMA and private vendors by the end of the 1980s. However, GIS as a basic service available to all the program areas and response efforts grew more out of OES’s involvement with FIRESCOPE (Firefighting Resources for Southern California Organized for Potential Emergencies). A series of firestorms in 1970 triggered the formation of FIRESCOPE, and it was chartered in 1972. One of the issues to come out of the design process was the need for specialist groups to develop specific guidelines. Because of the general confusion caused by the multitude of different map products used in multi-jurisdictional incidents, a mapping specialist group was created within FIRESCOPE. In 1978 general implementation of the FIRESCOPE program began. On October 17, 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake hit. As a consequence, McDonnell Douglas corporation, in concert with Oracle, Digital Equipment, Lockeed, and Etak, donated software, equipment, and data. OES Reorganization The Department of Finance (DOF) completed a program review of OES in May 1992. Concurrent with that study, the OES Director commissioned an internal task force to study the organization and its programs. Both DOF and the task force found that the organizational structure hindered some operations. Subsequent to these studies, OES and several other state entities suffered another significant reduction to their General Fund appropriations in fiscal year 1992-93. OES also experienced an ongoing 30 percent reduction to its Hazardous Waste Control Account appropriation, which funded a majority of HazMat projects. In addition to the problems identified by DOF, these reductions reinforced the need for a very streamlined organization able to deliver services. It was determined that consolidating into three regions instead of six would ease the way for coordination and consistent support of local emergency managers, and at a lower cost. Since this consolidation significantly increased the responsibilities of the new Regional Administrators, the existing six mutual aid regions remained unaltered; only OES’s administrative functions were consolidated. The new structure also put the responsibility for policy decisions within the Executive Division; streamlined the reporting relationships within each program; and accommodated the reduced level of resources.




	Since 1989 California has experienced a series of extraordinarily large, complex and diverse disasters. These include the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, 1991 East Bay Hills fire, 1992 Los Angeles Civil Unrest, 1992 Landers and Big Bear Earthquakes, 1993 Southern California Fires, 1994 Northridge Earthquake, and 1995, 1997, and 1998 Floods. During this period every California county received at least one Federal and State Disaster Declaration and many counties received multiple declarations. OES responded to this record series of disasters through an innovative and effective internal reorganization and external restructuring of the state’s entire emergency management system. SEMS, RIMS, and increased resources at the regional level are just a few of the products of this most challenging period in the state’s history of emergency management. OES today is a diverse, committed organization which has grown from about 250 employees just a few years ago to over 800 today. The following is an overview of the divisions making up the largest state emergency management organization in the nation. Executive This includes the Director, Chief Deputy Director, two Deputy Directors, one Assistant Director, two Executive Secretaries, and the Information and Public Affairs Office. In addition, the Administration Division reports to the Chief Deputy Director, along with a Program Support Section. *Information & Public Affairs Section* The Information and Public Affairs Section (IPA) has overall responsibility for OES contact with the news media. IPA communicates OES policies and activities to the public and manages the state’s emergency public information system. IPA also coordinates information dissemination to both internal and external constituents, including public officials, organizations, and businesses. IPA develops, coordinates, and serves as a clearinghouse for written and audio-visual materials. In addition, it supports state and local emergency services through training and organizational services. IPA also develops and coordinates public education campaigns and serves as a resource center for emergency management and preparedness information and materials. *Legislative Affairs* Legislative Affairs serves as a liaison between OES and the California State Legislature. Its primary function is to monitor all legislation which impacts disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. The staff analyzes and tracks bills that relate to hazardous materials, fire and law enforcement mutual aid, urban search and rescue, and general emergency management issues. Legislative Affairs makes recommendations to the Governor on pending legislative measures. The Legislative Affairs liaisons work closely with legislative members, committees, and staff on a variety of policy matters as well as provide expertise during the budget hearing process. It serves as the main point of contact for legislative members requesting information or assistance relating to disaster response and recovery issues impacting their districts. *Information Technology* Information Technology is responsible for providing agency-wide computer support, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Telecommunications to all OES offices during daily and emergency operations. This includes installation and operation of the wide area computer network. It is comprised of the Telecommunications Section, which includes the 24-hour Warning Center, the Computer Support Section, and the Geographic Information Systems Section. *Administration Branch* The Administration Branch provides essential agency support services. To achieve the agency mission, the Branch provides business and fiscal management, accounting, and personnel functions. The Branch includes: the Accounting Office, Budget Office, Business Services Office, Personnel Office, and Selection Services Office. Accounting is responsible for day-to-day agency transactions. The Budget Office oversees fiscal management. Business Services assists with purchasing, contracting, facility leases, and building management. Personnel and Selection Services includes transactions, classification, selection, benefits, and management control reports. Regions The State of California is partitioned into three administrative regions and six mutual aid regions. Each of the three OES regions is modeled after the larger organization and includes the full complement of support programs. A primary goal of this organization is to place more emphasis on regional support of local government. The regional branches are responsible for providing planning and technical assistance to state and local agencies within their respective areas. The programs provide support to local government, schools, businesses, and the public through outreach, education, earthquake hazard mitigation, and preparedness activities. The regions are also responsible for assisting in the coordination of mutual aid, delivery of disaster assistance and training programs, and the overall management of regional emergency response activities. The regional branches oversee the Mutual Aid Regional Advisory Committees (MARACs), which propagate SEMS throughout the regions. Emergency Operations, Planning, and Training Division *Planning & Technological Assistance Branch* The Planning and Technological Assistance Branch provides policy and guidance for emergency planning and preparedness, including developing and maintaining the state’s Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS). The branch maintains the State Emergency Plan; coordinates with federal agencies involved in the development of the Federal Response Plan; and provides expertise to develop and maintain emergency preparedness/prevention, response, and recovery plans for technological hazards such as hazardous and radioactive materials. The branch is also responsible for development, revision, and maintenance of the agency Strategic Plan and agency Work Plan. *Fire & Rescue Branch* The Fire and Rescue Branch manages the California Fire and Rescue Mutual Aid System. Its primary responsibility is assisting the California Fire Services in mutual aid planning and coordination. The Fire and Rescue Branch also manages the statewide response of mutual aid resources to all types of fire, rescue, or disaster related emergencies through six Regional and Operational Area Coordinators. In addition, the Fire and Rescue Branch maintains OES fire engines to support mutual aid and manages California’s Urban Search and Rescue Teams, the FIRESCOPE (Firefighting Resources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies) program, and the State Assistance for Fire Equipment (SAFE) Act. *Law Enforcement Branch* The Law Enforcement Branch manages the California Law Enforcement Mutual Aid System. It coordinates the law enforcement resource response to emergencies and search and rescue operations. The Law Enforcement Branch issues identification to consular officials residing in California. This Branch also works with law enforcement officials in municipal, county, state, and federal agencies and with volunteer organizations to provide mutual aid and search and rescue training, to provide planning guidance, and to pre-stage specialized equipment resources. *Utilities* The Utilities Branch is responsible for integrating public and private utilities’ emergency preparedness, response, and recovery capabilities through comprehensive planning, training, education, and coordination between the utilities and government agencies at all levels. *California Specialized Training Institute* The California Specialized Training Institute (CSTI) coordinates the agency’s emergency management training programs. Training is provided to state, local, federal, private sector, and students from foreign countries. The Institute’s courses cover a wide spectrum of emergency management areas, including the state’s Standardized Emergency Management System, hazardous material response and contingency planning, radiological incident response and management, law enforcement officer training, disaster recovery operations, and disaster mitigation. Disaster Assistance Division The Disaster Assistance Division serves as a single point of contact and is responsible for administering and coordinating federal and state public assistance and individual and family grant programs. It coordinates local, state, and federal disaster assistance and recovery operations, including coordination of requests for state and federal emergency declarations, damage assessment, and participation in Disaster Field Offices, outreach efforts, and other required activities. The Disaster Assistance Division also oversees the agency’s risk management responsibilities, including the development and implementation of post-disaster hazard mitigation plans and reports. The Disaster Assistance Division is comprised of two Branches: Disaster Assistance Programs Branch and the Disaster Assistance Resources Branch. The Programs Branch consists of the Public Assistance, Individual Assistance, and Hazard Mitigation Sections. The Resources Branch contains the Financial Management Services and Program Support Sections. *Public Assistance Section* The Public Assistance Section is responsible for overall management, administration, and coordination of state and federal public assistance programs. This responsibility includes: conducting damage assessment to establish a basis for recommending a governor’s declaration of state of emergency and/or request for a presidential declaration of a major disaster area; conducting briefings for local and state agencies on program eligibility requirements; acting as the public assistance applicant for all eligible state and local public agencies, and, when applicable, private non-profit organizations; providing administrative and technical assistance to eligible agencies and organizations regarding disaster survey reports; and, conducting the required inspection of eligible projects. *Hazard Mitigation Section* The Hazard Mitigation Section is responsible for administering the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). This program, which is federally funded, is a competitive grant program established to mitigate risks to facilities and infrastructure from future disasters. The Hazard Mitigation Section is also responsible for the development and implementation of the program which integrates both pre- and post-disaster risk management. It includes disaster prevention, hazard mitigation, hazards assessment, and vulnerability studies. The section also manages the disaster preparedness improvement grant. *Individual Assistance Section* The Individual Assistance Section is responsible for the coordination and implementation of the individual assistance program, including the state administered Individual and Family Grants (IFG), mental health, housing, unemployment, and other programs. It provides assistance, advice, and guidance to local, state, and volunteer agencies and organizations involved in individual and family disaster assistance. The section assists in the training of OES and other state agency personnel. It approves the Department of Social Services IFG Administration Plan. The Individual Assistance section also provides guidance and procedures, in cooperation with FEMA and other concerned agencies; recommends improvements to existing regulations and procedures. *Financial Management Services Section* The Financial Management Services Section develops and maintains systems for monitoring public assistance disaster claims and payments, including those for tracking subgrants to state and local agencies. It substantiates the department’s own disaster recovery costs. The section tracks expenditures for various accounts; produces fund balance data; prepares special reports; identifies required administrative procedures. The section also develops and maintains the disaster recovery operations annex of the agency’s Administrative Policies and Procedures Manual. The section also provides audit support and information to all recovery programs administered by the division. *Program Support Section* The Program Support Section provides administrative support to the Disaster Assistance Division. It develops and maintains the logistical capability to organize and establish recovery operations. The section also assists with and participates in programs designed to train local and state personnel in disaster recovery operations Planning & Technological Assistance Branch *Planning Section* The Planning Section is responsible for establishing departmental policy and guidance for emergency planning and preparedness activities for state and local levels of government. It also has the lead for developing and maintaining SEMS. *Resource Planning Unit* The Resource Planning Unit was established in February of 1997. The main project responsibilities for the Unit include: the OES Strategic Plan, Emergency Management Assistance (EMA) program, Performance Partnership Agreement with FEMA (PP20A), Cooperative Agreement with FEMA (CA), OES Agency Work Plan, Project Time Report (PTR), Disaster Service Worker Program, Grants Management, Business Resumption Planning, and Oil Spill Planning elements. *Plans Unit* The Plans Unit develops and maintains the State Emergency Plan and State Operation Center procedures. This unit also coordinates with federal agencies involved in the development of the Federal Response Plan. *Planning Assistance Unit* The Planning Assistance Unit provides planning assistance to other OES branches and regions, other state agencies, and local jurisdictions. Assistance includes the formulation and adoption of emergency planning, development, and maintenance of planning guidance materials, and coordination with other OES branches and regions to ensure implementation of emergency planning policy and guidance. *Technological Hazards Section* The Technological Hazards Section provides expertise needed by state and local government agencies and private companies and businesses in the development and maintenance of technological hazards (toxic chemical, biological and radiological materials) emergency preparedness/prevention, response, and recovery plans. *Hazardous Materials Unit* The Hazardous Materials Unit develops and maintains a hazardous materials reporting network and notification system. It also provides technical assistance in the development of training and certification and risk management programs. Finally, it provides technical assistance and support to the state’s advisory commission, establishing technical standards and guidance to state and local agencies and other OES branches and regions. *Radiological Preparedness Unit* The Radiological Preparedness Unit coordinates and provides technical assistance for California’s Nuclear Power Plant Emergency Response Plan and other radiological emergency preparedness activities. The unit is also responsible for the establishment and provision of technical standards and guidance to state and local agencies, other OES branches and regions, and the private sector. Conclusion Over the past 80 years, emergency management in the state of California has undergone extensive change as it has met increasingly complex challenges. Throughout this volatile period, the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services has provided the pivotal link by assisting local governments with mitigation, planning, response and recovery. Additionally, OES is the organizational focus for all federal emergency management activities in the state, ranging from hazard mitigation to recovery activities. California’s emergency management changes in the 20th Century can be linked to: The evolution of the Civil Defense program into multi-hazard emergency management; The adoption of advanced technologies, such as computers, satellite communications, and other sophisticated equipment enabling the development of systems such as the Response Information Management System (RIMS); *The creation of the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS). As we move into the Twentyfirst Century, OES and emergency management will continue to develop and respond to a rapidly changing world. Changes in California’s demographics, the increased potential for terrorism, and further developments in technology are just a few of the elements that will influence the future direction of the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services.


	A&W - Alert and Warningg AA - Administering Areas AAR - After Action Report ARC - American Red Cross ARP - Accidental Risk Prevention ATC-20 - Applied Technology Council-20 ATC-21 - Applied Technology Council-21 BCP - Budget Change Proposal BSA - California Bureau of State Audits CAER - Community Awareness & Emergency Response CalARP - California Accidental Release Prevention CalBO - California Building Officials CalEPA - California Environmental Protection Agency CalREP - California Radiological Emergency Plan CALSTARS - California State Accounting Reporting System CalTRANS - California Department of Transportation CBO - Community Based Organization CD - Civil Defense CDF - California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection CDMG - California Division of Mines and Geology CEC - California Energy Commission CEPEC - California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council CESRS - California Emergency Services Radio System CHIP - California Hazardous Identification Program CHMIRS - California Hazardous Materials Incident Reporting System CHP - California Highway Patrol CLETS - California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System CSTI - California Specialized Training Institute CUEA - California Utilities Emergency Association CUPA - Certified Unified Program Agency DAD - Disaster Assistance Division (of the state Office of Emergency Svcs) DFO - Disaster Field Office DGS - California Department of General Services DHS-RHB - California Department of Health Services, Radiological Health Branch DO - Duty Officer DOC - Department Operations Center DOE - Department of Energy (U.S.) DOF - California Department of Finance DOJ - California Department of Justice DPA - California Department of Personnel Administration DPIG - Disaster Preparedness Improvement Grant DR - Disaster Response DSA - Division of the State Architect DSR - Damage Survey Report DSW - Disaster Service Worker DWR - California Department of Water Resources EAS - Emergency Alerting System EDIS - Emergency Digital Information System EERI - Earthquake Engineering Research Institute EMA - Emergency Management Assistance EMI - Emergency Management Institute EMMA - Emergency Managers Mutual Aid EMS - Emergency Medical Services EOC - Emergency Operations Center EOP - Emergency Operations Plan EPA - Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) EPEDAT - Early Post Earthquake Damage Assessment Tool EPI - Emergency Public Information EPIC - Emergency Public Information Council ESC - Emergency Services Coordinator FAY - Federal Award Year FDAA - Federal Disaster Assistance Administration FEAT - Governor’s Flood Emergency Action Team FEMA - Federal Emergency Management Agency FFY - Federal Fiscal Year FIR - Final Inspection Reports FIRESCOPE - Firefighting Resources of So.California Organized for Potential Emergencies FMA - Flood Management Assistance FSR - Feasibility Study Report FY - Fiscal Year GIS - Geographical Information System HAZMAT - Hazardous Materials HAZMIT - Hazardous Mitigation HAZUS - Hazards-United States (an earthquake damage assessment prediction tool) HCD - Housing and Community Development HEICS - Hospital Emergency Incident Command System HEPG - Hospital Emergency Planning Guidance HIA - Hazard Identification and Analysis Unit HMEP - Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness HMGP - Hazard Mitigation Grant Program IDE - Initial Damage Estimate IA - Individual Assistance IFG - Individual & Family Grant (program) IRG - Incident Response Geographic Information System IPA - Information and Public Affairs (of state Office of Emergency Services) LAN - Local Area Network LEMMA - Law Enforcement Mutual Aid LEPC - Local Emergency Planning Committee MARAC - Mutual Aid Regional Advisory Council MHID - Multi-hazard Identification MOU - Memorandum of Understanding NBC - Nuclear, Biological, Chemical NEMA - National Emergency Management Agency NEMIS - National Emergency Management Information System NFIP - National Flood Insurance Program NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association NPP - Nuclear Power Plant NSF - National Science Foundation NWS - National Weather Service OA - Operational Area OASIS - Operational Area Satellite Information System OCC - Operations Coordination Center OCD - Office of Civil Defense OEP - Office of Emergency Planning OES - California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services OSHPD - Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development OSPR - Oil Spill Prevention and Response PA - Public Assistance PC - Personal Computer PDA - Preliminary Damage Assessment PIO - Public Information Office POST - Police Officer Standards and Training PPA/CA - Performance Partnership Agreement/Cooperative Agreement (FEMA) PSA - Public Service Announcement PTAB - Planning and Technological Assistance Branch PTR - Project Time Report RA - Regional Administrator (OES) RADEF - Radiological Defense (program) RAMP - Regional Assessment of Mitigation Priorities RAPID - Railroad Accident Prevention & Immediate Deployment RDO - Radiological Defense Officer RDMHC - Regional Disaster Medical Health Coordinator REOC - Regional Emergency Operations Center REPI - Reserve Emergency Public Information RES - Regional Emergency Staff RIMS - Response Information Management System RMP - Risk Management Plan RPU - Radiological Preparedness Unit (OES) RRT - Regional Response Team SAM - State Administrative Manual SARA - Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act SAVP - Safety Assessment Volunteer Program SBA - Small Business Administration SCO - California State Controller’s Office SEMS - Standardized Emergency Management System SEPIC - State Emergency Public Information Committee SLA - State and Local Assistance SONGS - San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station SOP - Standard Operating Procedure SWEPC - Statewide Emergency Planning Committee TEC - Travel Expense Claim TRU - Transuranic TTT - Train the Trainer UPA - Unified Program Account UPS - Uninterrupted Power Source USAR - Urban Search and Rescue USGS - United States Geological Survey WC - California State Warning Center WAN - Wide Area Network WIPP - Waste Isolation Pilot Project


	This list begins in 1950 with the establishment of the California Office of Civil Defense. Data was collected from the most reliable sources available but may not be complete. Reference after “Declared” is the county declared or proclaimed by the Governor to be in a State of Emergency unless otherwise noted. 11/50 Floods Declared: statewide CA OCD 50-01(11/21/50) Federal: not declared 9 deaths Damage: Sacramento River Basin above Delta-$4,983,000; Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta-$4,550,000; San Joaquin River Basin-Consumnes River to Upper San Joaquin River-$11,460,000; Upper San Joaquin River Basin-Kings River to Kern River-$11,190,000; TOTAL-$32,183,000 2/54 Fire, Flood, and Erosion Declared: Los Angeles, San Bernardino (2/5/54) CD 28-DR-CA Federal: 2/5/54 Damage: not available Note: no declaration by Governor but federal funds made available 12/55 Floods Declared: statewide CD 47-DR-CA (12/22/55) Federal: 12/23/55 74 deaths Damage: $200 million 12/56 Fires Declared: Los Angeles (Malibu area), Ventura CD 65-DR Federal: 12/29/56 1 death, several hundred injuries Damage: $70 million in private watershed; 72 homes destroyed, and 40,000+ acres 5/57 Unseasonal and Heavy Rainfall Declared: State of Emergency—cherry producing areas of Northern California (requested by Department of Agriculture) 5/20/57 Federal: not declared no deaths, 2 injuries Damage: $6 million in agricultural losses 1/58 Newton Fires (Monrovia Fires) Declared: Los Angeles CDO 58-01 (1/3/58) Federal: not declared 1 death, 23 injuries Damage: not available; 26,169 acres, 50 bldgs. destroyed 1/58 High Tides of the Pacific Ocean Declared: City of Imperial Beach, San Diego County CDO 58-02 (1/31/58) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable, only mitigation costs 2/58 Storm And Flood Damage Declared: Northern California (Southern boundaries of Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, Alpine Counties to the Oregon border) CDO 58-03 (2/26/58) Federal: not declared Damage: not available 4/58 Storm and Flood Damage Declared: statewide (4/2/58) Federal: 82 (4/4/58) 13 deaths, several injuries Damage: $20 million, plus $4 million agricultural 1/59 Potential Flood Damage and Landslides as a Result of Fires Declared: Los Angeles CDO 59-01 (1/8/59) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable, only mitigation costs 9/59 Unseasonal and Heavy Rainfall Declared: Tokay grape producing areas of Northern California (requested by Dept. of Agriculture) (9/19/59) Federal: not declared 2 deaths Damage: $100,000 7/60 Major And Widespread Fires Declared: Los Angeles (7/21/60), San Bernardino (7/22/60) Federal: not declared no deaths, 12 injuries Damage: $10 million; 74,000 acres, 33 homes destroyed 8/60 Major And Widespread Fires Declared: Lassen, Plumas, Shasta, Sierra, Tehama (8/16/60) Federal: not declared no deaths Damage: timber-$2.5 million; watershed-$575,000; TOTAL-$3.075 million 1/61 High Tides and Waves Caused by Storms at Sea Declared: Ventura (1/16/61) Federal: not declared Damage: not available; 30+ houses damaged 7/61 Widespread Fires Declared: Madera Federal: not declared 2 deaths Damage: not available 9/61 Widespread Fires Declared: Amador, Butte, El Dorado, Napa, Nevada, Placer, San Diego, Sonoma, Tehama (9/8/61) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$243,000; private-$4,183,098; watershed-$1,270,715; TOTAL-$5,696,813 11/61 Bel Air Fires Declared: Los Angeles (Bel Air area) OEP 119-DR-CA Federal: 11/16/61 no deaths, 103 injuries (firemen) Damage: $50-$100 million; 6,090 acres and 484 bldgs. destroyed 3/62 Flood and Rainstorm Declared: Los Angeles (2/16/62), Ventura (2/23/62) OEP 122-DR-CA Federal: 3/6/62 Damage: not available 9/62 Fires and Explosions Declared: City of San Leandro (Alameda County) (9/14/62) Federal: not declared 1 death, 12 injuries Damage: $500,000 Fall ’62 Flood and Rainstorms Declared: Alameda, Butte, Contra Costa, Modoc, Napa, San Mateo, Sierra, Sutter, Yuba (10/17/62), Placer (10/25/62), Trinity (10/30/62), Lassen (11/4/62) Federal: 138 (10/24/62) amended to include Placer, Trinity, and Lassen Counties Damage: $4 million+ 2/63 Abnormally Heavy and Continuous Rainfall Declared: Northern California (boundaries of San Luis Obispo, Ventura, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino counties to the Oregon State line) (2/14/64) Federal: not declared Damage: not available 2/63 Flood and Rainstorms Declared: Alpine, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, Sierra (2/7/63), Amador, Colusa, El Dorado, Glenn, Lake, Lassen, Tehama, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Siskiyou, Yolo, Tulare (2/26/63), Mono, Trinity (2/29/63), Yuba (4/22/63) Federal: 145 (2/25/63), amended 1/30/63 to include Orange County and Redondo Beach Damage: not available 2/63 High Tides and Heavy Surf Declared: Orange, City of Redondo Beach Federal: not declared 5 dead Damage: $500,000 12/63 Baldwin Hills Dam Failure Declared: Los Angeles OEP 161-DR-CA (12/16/63) Federal: 12/21/63 Damage: $5,233,203 2/64 Abnormally Heavy and Continuous Rainfall Declared: Humboldt (2/10/64) Federal: not declared Damage: $1,407,000 3/64 Major Widespread Fires (Weldon Fire) Declared: Los Angeles (3/16/64) Federal: not declared no deaths Damage: $2 million; 24 homes destroyed, 200 homes damaged 3/64 Tsunami Caused by Alaska Earthquake Declared: Del Norte (3/28/64) Federal: 169 (4/1/64) 12 deaths Damage: $10 million 4/64 Storms Excessively high winds; subsequent heavy rains and run-off of mud and silt Declared: Los Angeles (4/3/64) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$177,800; private-$1,4322,500; TOTAL-$1,610,300 9/64 Major and Widespread Fires and Excessively High Winds Declared: Napa (9/22/64), Sonoma (9/23/64), Santa Barbara (9/25/64) Federal: not declared Damage: private-$3.5 million; watershed-$13 million; TOTAL-$16.5 million Note: By special appropriation, Congress approved $860,000 for Santa Barbara County. The USDA, through Forest Service programs, spent $1.044 million for seeding and reestablishing dams in these counties. 9/64 Tsunami Caused by March 1964 Earthquake in Alaska Declared: Marin (9/15/64) (Tax Relief) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable, only costs were for mitigation Winter ’64-’65 1964 Late Winter Storms Abnormally heavy and continuous rainfall and windstorm Declared: OEP 183-DR-CA Del Norte, Humboldt, Shasta, Mendocino (12/22/64), Colusa, Glenn, Lassen, Plumas, Sierra, Siskiyou, Sonoma, Sutter, Tehama, Trinity (12/23/64), Amador, Butte, El Dorado, Modoc, Nevada, Placer, Yuba (12/28/64), Alpine, Lake, Sacramento, Yolo (1/5/65), Marin (1/14/65) Federal: 12/29/64 Damage: public-$85.327 million; private-$127.822 million; TOTAL-$213.149 million 1/65 Flooding and Hill Slides Caused by Heavy Rains Declared: City of Burbank, Los Angeles (1/5/65) (Tax Relief) Federal: not declared Damage: not available 6/65 Slide Damage Declared: City of Los Angeles (Pacific Palisades Area) (6/21/65) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$584,000; private-$1,140,000; TOTAL-$1,724,000 (reinstated by Governor 6/66; public-$1,203,500; private-$5,285,100; TOTAL-$6,488,600) 8/65 Riots Declared: Los Angeles (8/14/65) Federal: not declared 32 deaths, 874 injuries Damage: public-$2,469,000; private-$42,522,000; TOTAL-$44,991,000; 201 structures destroyed, 536 damaged 9/65 Major and Widespread Fires Declared: Marin, Napa, Placer, Solano, Sonoma (9/18/65) Federal: not declared no deaths Damage: not available; 113,766 acres and 41 bldgs. destroyed Fall ’65 1965 Heavy Rainfall Abnormally heavy and continuous rainfall Declared: OEP 211-DR-CA Riverside (11/24/65), San Bernardino, Ventura (11/26/65), San Diego (12/23/65) Federal: 12/7/65, amended 1/3/66 to include San Diego Damage: public-$5,826,239; private-$16,017,500; TOTAL-$21,843,739 Winter ’66 1966 Winter Storms Abnormally heavy and continuous rainfall Declared: OEP 223-DR-CA Kern, Riverside, Tulare (12/9/66), San Bernardino, San Luis Obispo (12/13/66), Monterey (12/16/66), City of Escondido (San Diego County 12/16/66), Inyo (12/23/66) Federal: 1/2/67 Damage: public-$14,599,391; private-$14,161,650; TOTAL-$28,761,041 1/66 Continuous Rainfall Abnormally heavy and continuous rainfall Declared: Humboldt (1/14/66) Federal: 212 (1/22/66) Damage: public-$4.063 million; private-$2.855 million; TOTAL-$6.918 million 9/66 Riots Declared: San Francisco (9/27/66) Federal: not declared no deaths, 42 injuries Damage: not available 12/66 Earthslides Declared: Redwood City (San Mateo County) (12/16/66) Federal: not declared Damage: private-$100,000 11/67 Major and Widespread Fires (Woodson Fire) Declared: Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, Ventura (1/7/67) Federal: not declared Damage: Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego-$9.695 million; Ventura (fire fighting costs)-$250,000, Division of Forestry (fire fighting costs)-$1.400 million; TOTAL-$11.345 million; 17,500 acres and 30 bldgs. destroyed 8/68 Riots and Other Conditions Declared: City of Richmond (Contra Costa) (8/2/68) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable (worker strike) 1969 Heavy Snow Runoff Floods Declared: OEP 2270-DR-CA Kings (1/28/69) Federal: 8/15/69 Damage: public-$1,562,500; private-$1.25 million; TOTAL-$2,812,500 Winter ’69 1969 Storms Storms, flooding Declared: OEP 253-DR-CA Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo (1/23/69), Fresno, Inyo, Riverside, San Bernardino, Santa Barbara, Tulare, Ventura (1/25/69), Amador, El Dorado, Kern, Kings, Madera, Modoc, Mono, Monterey, Orange, Placer, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Shasta, Solano, Stanislaus, Tuolumne (1/28/69), Mariposa, Merced (1/29/69), Calaveras, San Benito, Sierra (2/8/69), Contra Costa, Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma (2/10/69), Plumas, Tehama, Yuba (2/16/69), Butte, Marin, Yolo (3/12/69) Federal: 1/26/69 47 dead, 161 injured Damage: public-$185 million; private-$115 million; TOTAL-$300 million 2/69 Extremely Severe Weather; Freezing Declared: San Diego (2/5/69) Federal: not declared Damage: agricultural loss-$10 million 2/69 Major Oil Spill Declared: Coastal areas of Southern California (Santa Barbara Channel) Federal: not declared Damage: not available (Union Oil handled majority of clean-up) 12/69 Riots Declared: City of Berkeley (Alameda County) (2/5/69) Federal: not declared no deaths, 20 injuries Damage: not available Winter ’70 Northern California Flooding Heavy Winds, Storms, Flooding Declared: OEP 283-DR-CA Butte, Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Lassen, Marin, Modoc, Plumas, Shasta, Siskiyou, Tehama, Trinity (1/27/70), Sutter, Yuba (2/3/70), Del Norte (2/10/70), Alameda, El Dorado, Mendocino (3/2/70) Federal: 2/16/70 Damage: public-$19,659,078; private-$7,998,400; TOTAL-$27,657,478 2/10/70 Slide Damage Caused by Heavy Rains and Storms Declared: City of Oakland (Alameda County) 2/10/70 (Tax Relief) Federal: not declared Damage: $11.5 million 2/16/70 Large Fire Declared: City of Sonora, Tuolumne (2/26/70) (Tax Relief) Federal: not declared Damage: $2.3 million 2/70 Riots and Disorders Declared: Santa Barbara (2/26/70) Federal: not declared no deaths, 12+ injuries Damage: $275,000-$300,000 (burning of Bank of America) 3/70 Slide Damage Caused by Heavy Rains and Storms Declared: City of Los Angeles (3/10/70) Federal: not declared Damage $8.5 million 3/70 (beginning) Freezing Conditions Declared: Ag. area of Napa (5/1/70), Ag. area of Sonoma (5/19/70), Ag. area of Mendocino (6/8/70), Ag. community of San Joaquin (6/10/70), Ag. community of Lake (7/24/70) Federal: not declared Damage: Agricultural loss $19,749,200 4/70 Storms And Floods Declared: Contra Costa (4/10/70) (Tax Relief) Federal: not declared Damage: not available Fall ’70 Statewide Fires Declared: OEP 295-DR-CA City of Oakland (Alameda County 9/24/70), Los Angeles, Ventura, San Diego (9/28/70), Kern (10/1/70), San Bernardino (10/2/70), Monterey, Riverside (10/20/70), San Bernardino (11/14/70) Federal: 9/29/70 amended 11/25/70 to include San Bernardino 19 deaths Damage: public-$52,862,000; watershed-$24,826,000; private-$145,923,000 TOTAL-$223,611,000; 576,508 acres, 722 bldgs. San Bernardino-53,100 acres, 54 bldgs. 12/70 Widespread Fires Declared: Riverside (12/22/70) Federal: not declared Damage $3.2 million 2/71 San Fernando Earthquake Declared: OEP 299-DR-CA Los Angeles (2/9/71) Federal: 2/9/71 58 deaths, 2,000 injuries Damage: public-$212 million; private-$271,957,000 TOTAL-$483,957,000 5/71 High Ocean Tides and Wind-driven Waves Declared: Ventura (Oxnard shores area) (5/19/71) (Tax Relief) Federal: not declared Damage: $250,000 10/71 Widespread Fires Declared: Santa Barbara (10/13/71) Federal: not declared 4 deaths Damage: watershed-$8 million; structures-$1 million; TOTAL-$9 million; 16,100 acres 2/72 1972 Storms Heavy Winds, Floods, and Runoff of Mud and Silt Declared: OEP 316-DR-CA Santa Barbara (1/3/72) Federal: 2/11/72 Damage: public-$1.482 million; private-$1.178 million; TOTAL-$2.660 million Spring ’72 1972 Continuing Storms Heavy Rains, Flooding, and Mud Slides Declared: OEP 329-DR-CA Del Norte (2/28/72), Humboldt (3/28/72) Federal: 4/5/72 Damage: public-$5,242,480; private-$1,575,138; TOTAL-$6,817,618 Spring ’72 Freeze and Severe Weather Conditions Declared: Fresno, Kings, Tulare, Merced, Kern, Madera, San Benito, Stanislaus, El Dorado, Tehama, Placer, Nevada, San Joaquin (4/17/72), Colusa (5/22/72), Siskiyou, Modoc (5/22/72), Santa Clara (5/31/72) Federal: not declared Damage: crop loss-$111,517,2604/10/72 4/72 Exotic Newcastle Disease Epidemic Declared: Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Ventura (4/10/72), Santa Barbara (5/22/72) Federal: not declared Damage: $10 million 6/72 Andrus Island Levee Break Declared: OEP 342-DR-CA Sacramento (6/21/72) Federal: 6/27/72 Damage: public-$3.91 million; private-$19,771,630; TOTAL-$23,681,630 7/72 Drought Conditions Declared: Glenn, San Benito, Santa Clara (7/3/73) Federal: not declared Damage: agricultural loss-$8 million 7/72 Freeze and Snow Conditions Declared: Lake (7/13/72) (Tax Relief) Federal: not declared Damage: $357,000 9/72 Severe Weather Conditions Declared: Sutter (9/3/72) Federal: not declared Damage: agricultural loss-$2,004,300 10/72 Heavy Rains and Mud Slides Declared: Monterey (10/24/72) (Tax Relief) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$300,000; private-$420,000; TOTAL-$720,000 1/73 Coastal Flooding Heavy rains, winds, floods, and tidal action Declared: OEP 364-DR-CA Marin, San Luis Obispo (1/23/73), City of South San Francisco (San Mateo County 1/30/73), Santa Barbara, Solano (2/8/73), Ventura (2/28/73) Federal: 2/3/73 Damage: public-$5,291,350; private-$12,706,900; TOTAL-$17,998,250 2/73 High Ocean Tides and Wind Driven Waves Declared: Ventura (Oxnard shores area) (2/1/73) (Tax Relief) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$27,700; private-$1 million TOTAL-$1.027 million 2/73 Storms And Floods Declared: Colusa, Glenn, Napa, Placer, Sutter, Yuba (2/28/73) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$1.357 million; private-$507,000; TOTAL-$1.864 million 2/73 Freeze Declared: Butte (2/28/73) (Tax Relief) Federal: not declared Damage: agricultural-$300,000 3/73 Storms and Floods Declared: Mendocino (3/15/73) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$1,373,200; private-$150,000; TOTAL-$1,523,200 4/73 Storms and Floods Declared: City of Pacifica—San Mateo (4/11/73) (Tax Relief) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$450,000; private-$250,000; TOTAL-$700,000 4/73 Southern Pacific Railroad Fires and Explosions (Roseville) Declared: Sacramento, Placer (4/30/73) Federal: not declared no deaths, 37 injured Damage: public-$280,000; private-$2.645 million; TOTAL-$2.925 million 5/73 Eucalyptus Tree Freeze Declared: Alameda, Contra Costa (4/4/73) Federal: 5/25/73 Damage: removal of approx. 2 million dead trees—$8-10 million 7/73 Fires Declared: Los Angeles (City of Rolling Heights and Palos Verdes Peninsula) 7/16/73 Federal: not declared Damage: $1.3 million Add: 11 homes destroyed; 4 stables destroyed; 1 pool house destroyed; 5 other structures damaged 12/73 Boulder Fire Declared: San Diego (Boulder Oaks/Morena Village) (12/12/73) Federal: not declared no deaths Damage: $215,700; 8,478 acres and 17 bldgs. destroyed 1/74 Storms Winds, storms, flooding Declared: FDAA 412-DR Humboldt, Shasta, Siskiyou, Trinity (1/17/74), Glenn, Mendocino, Tehama (1/18/74) Federal: 1/25/74 Damage: public-$22.802 million; private-$12,390,500; TOTAL-$35,192,500 2/74 Storms severe storm conditions Declared: Santa Cruz (2/28/74) Federal: not declared Damage: $763,267.96 3/74 Gasoline Purchasing Problems Declared: Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Mateo, Solano (2/28/74), Santa Clara (3/4/74), Ventura (3/10/74) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable 5/74 Storms Winds, storms, flooding Declared: FDAA 432-DR Mendocino (4/23/74) Federal: 5/7/74 Damage: public-$4,475,900; private-none reported; TOTAL-$4,475,900 11/75 Fires Declared: Los Angeles (11/24/75) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$18,333,960, private-$1,153,000; TOTAL-$19,486,960; 20 homes damaged; 18 homes destroyed; 2 businesses damaged 9/76 1976 High Winds and Flooding High winds, heavy rains and flooding Declared: FDAA 521-DR Imperial, Riverside (9/13/76), San Bernardino, San Diego (9/22/76) Federal: 9/2176 Damage: public-$65,743,671; private-$54,389,100; TOTAL-$120,132,771 1976 Drought Declared: Alpine, Calaveras, Colusa, Fresno, Glenn, Madera, Merced, San Diego, San Joaquin, Solano, Stanislaus, Sutter, Tuolumne (2/9/76), Alameda, Butte, Contra Costa, Kings, Los Angeles, Riverside, San Luis Obispo, Tulare, Yolo (2/13/76), Amador, Monterey, Napa, Nevada, San Benito, San Bernardino, Tehama (2/24/76), San Mateo (3/26/76), Marin (7/6/76) Federal: not declared Damage: 1976-$888.5 million; 1977-$1.775 billion; TOTAL-$2.664 billion 7/77 Sycamore Fire Declared: Santa Barbara (7/27/77) Federal: not declared no deaths Damage: public-$467,755; private-$25.073 million; TOTAL-$25,540,755; 234 structures, 804 acres 8/77 Imperial County Flooding High winds, storms, flooding Declared: Imperial (8/23/77) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$4,393,469; private-$24,105,000; TOTAL-$28,498,469 9/77 Threat of Floods/Mud Slides Declared: Monterey, Riverside (9/8/77) Federal: not declared Damage: $6.110 million estimated Winter ’77 Storms Severe windstorms, blowing dust and rain Declared: San Diego (1/10/78), Kern (12/23/77), Humboldt (1/22/77), City of Arvin (12/21/77) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$2,947,035; private-$35.062 million; TOTAL-$38,009,035 1/78 Storms Heavy rains, high tides, heavy seas, landslides and flooding Declared: Humboldt, Mendocino (1/27/78), Santa Cruz (1/20/78) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$5,526,409; private-$600,000; TOTAL-$6,126,409 Winter ’78 Storms Declared: FDA 547-DR Inyo, Mono, San Diego, San Luis Obispo (3/9/78), Kings, Monterey (2/27/78), Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, Santa Barbara, Tulare, Ventura (2/13/78) Federal: 2/15/78 14 dead, at least 21 injured Damage: public-$73,456,185; private-$44,346,600; TOTAL-$117,802,785; 2538 homes destroyed 8/78 Santa Barbara Earthquake 5.6M Declared: Santa Barbara (8/15/78) Federal: not declared no deaths, 65 injuries Damage: public-$9.237 million; private-$3.750 million; TOTAL-$12.987 million 9/78 PSA Air Crash Declared: City of San Diego (1/15/79) Federal: not declared 150 deaths (137 in the air, 13 on the ground) Damage: not available 10/78 Laguna Landslide Declared: FDAA 566-DR City of Laguna Beach—Orange County (10/5/78) Federal: 10/9/78 Damage: public-$6.528 million; private-$10.067 million; TOTAL-$16.595 million 10/78 1978 Los Angeles Fire Declared: FDAA 3067-EM (emergency declaration) Los Angeles (10/24/78) Federal: 10/29/78 1 death Damage: public-$5,789,438; watershed loss-$22.7 million; private-$32,789,936; TOTAL-$61,279,374; 25,385 acres, 230 bldgs. 7/79 Severe Storms Severe flooding, excessive rains, flash floods Declared: FEMA 594-DR-CA Riverside (7/26/80) Federal: 7/27/79 Damage: public-$2,972,100; private-$22,895,000; TOTAL-$25,867,100 9/79 Fires Declared: Santa Barbara, Ventura (9/28/79), Los Angeles (9/21/79), El Dorado (9/20/79) Federal: not declared Damage: $9,970,119; 150 acres, 24 buildings destroyed 10/79 Imperial Earthquake 6.4M Declared: FEMA 609-DR-CA Imperial (10/16/79) Federal: 10/16/79 no deaths, 91 injuries Damage: public-$11,158,700; private-$10,038,550; TOTAL-$21,197,250 1979 Gasoline Shortage Emergency Declared: Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin, Monterey, Orange, Riverside, San Francisco, San Diego, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Mateo, Ventura, San Bernardino (11/13/79), San Bernardino (amending boundaries 9/29/79), Monterey (7/13/79), San Bernardino (7/13/79), Riverside (6/22/79), San Bernardino (6/7/79), Monterey (6/7/79), Riverside, (amending boundaries 5/18/79), Monterey, Riverside (portion) (5/11/79), San Mateo, Santa Cruz (5/9/79), San Bernardino (portion 5/8/79), Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin, Sonoma, Orange, Santa Clara, Ventura (5/8/79) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable 1/80 Delta Levee Break Rain, high tides, strong winds, and flooding (Holland and Webb Levee breaks) Declared: FEMA 3078-EM-CA Contra Costa, Sacramento, San Joaquin (1/23/80) Federal: 1/23/80 Damage: public-$11,158,700; private-$1,479,500; agricultural-$3,887,195; TOTAL-$17,388,013 2/80 1980 Winter Storms Rain, winds, mud slides, and flooding Declared: FEMA 615-DR-CA Santa Barbara (2/21/80), Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, Ventura (2/19/80), San Bernardino, San Diego (2/7/80) Federal: 2/21/80 Damage: See above 3/80 Storms Rain, winds, mud slides, and flooding Declared: Stanislaus, Monterey, Solano, Santa Cruz (3/5/80) Federal: not declared Damage: *include figures from 2/82. public-$164,990,642; private-$75,755,500; agricultural-$75,894,675; TOTAL-$316,640,817. These four counties proclaimed in Feb. 1982 but were not included in the Presidential declaration. 5/80 Owens Valley Earthquake 6.2M Additional earthquakes: 5/27/80—6.1M 5/25/80—6.0M Declared: Mono (5/28/80) Federal: not declared no deaths, 9 injuries Damage: $2 million 9/80 Jones Tract Levee Break Declared: FEMA 633-DR-CA San Joaquin (9/30/80) Federal: 9/30/80 Damage: public-$7,065,000; private-$4,941,260; agriculture-$9,504,696; TOTAL-$21,510,956 11/80 Southern California Fires Declared: 635-DR-CA San Bernardino (11/25/80), Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside (11/18/80) Federal: 11/18/80 Damage: public-$13,982,700; private-$50,812,500; TOTAL-$64,795,200. San Bernardino—65 buildings, 5482 acres destroyed. Additionally, 355 buildings, 41,472 acres destroyed. 1980. Summer ’81 Mediterranean Fruit Fly Infestation Declared: Contra Costa (9/25/81), Los Angeles (8/25/81), San Benito (8/25/81), Stanislaus (8/14/81), Santa Cruz (8/13/81), San Mateo (8/8/81) Federal: not declared Damage: $22 million 6/81 Atlas Peak Fire Declared: Napa (6/24/81) Federal: not declared no deaths Damage: private-$11 million; watershed-$20 million; TOTAL-$31 million; 23,000 acres burned, 69 structures destroyed 1/82 1982 Winter Storms Heavy winds, rain, flooding, and mud slides Declared: FEMA 651-DR-CA Alameda, Santa Clara, Solano, San Joaquin (1/9/82), Contra Costa, Humboldt, Marin, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, Sonoma (1/5/82) Federal: 1/7/82 33 dead, 481 injured Damage: public-$101.400 million; private-$172.450 million; TOTAL-$273.850 million; 256 homes and 41 businesses destroyed, 6259 homes and 1276 businesses damaged. 4/82 Orange Fire Strong winds and raging fire Declared: FEMA 657-DR-CA Orange (4/21/82) Federal: 4/21/82 Damage: public-$877,040; private-$50 million; TOTAL-$50,877,040 8/82 McDonald Island Levee Break Declared: FEMA 669-DR-CA MacDonald Island (8/24/82) Federal: 8/24/82 Damage: public-$6,282,500; agricultural-$5,279,370; TOTAL-$11,561,870 9/82 Heavy Rains/Flooding Declared: Inyo (9/27/82) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$4,822,820; private-$1,338,500; TOTAL-$6,161,320 10/82 Dayton Hills Fire Declared: Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura (10/10/82) Federal: not declared no deaths Damage: public-$4,648,902; private-$14,628,200; TOTAL-$19,277,102; 57,000 acres and 65 buildings destroyed 10/82 Rains Causing Agricultural Losses Declared: Fresno, Madera, Merced, Monterey, Kern, Tulare, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Solano, Stanislaus, Yolo (10/26/82) Federal: not declared Damage: agricultural $345,195,974 12/82 High Tides, Strong Winds, and Rains Declared: Contra Costa, Sacramento, San Joaquin (12/8/82) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$5,313,198; private-$1,651,800; TOTAL-$6,964,998 Winter ’82-’83 Winter Storms Heavy rains, high winds, flooding, levee breaks Declared: FEMA 682-DR--CA Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Sacramento (12/8/82), Marin, San Mateo, Los Angeles, San Diego (1/27/83), Alameda, Orange, San Benito, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Shasta, Sonoma, Ventura, Trinity (1/31/83), Colusa, Lake, Mendocino, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Solano, Yolo (2/7/83), Butte, Glenn, Kern, Kings, San Bernardino, Sutter Tehama, Merced (3/3/83), Del Norte, Fresno, Madera, Napa, Placer, Riverside, Stanislaus, Tulare (3/15/83), Humboldt, Mariposa, Nevada, Yuba (3/21/83) Federal 2/9/83 Damage: public-$151,185,870; private-$158,641,170; agricultural-$213,789,992; TOTAL-$523,617,032 5/83 Coalinga Earthquake 6.4M Declared: FEMA 682-DR-CA Fresno (5/2/83) Federal 5/3/83 no deaths, 47 injuries Damage: public-$5,947,300; private-$25.129 million; TOTAL-$31,076,300 6/83 Colorado River Flooding Declared: FEMA 682-DR-CA Riverside, San Bernardino (6/23/83), Imperial (6/28/83) Federal: 7/1/83 Damage: public-$1,393,915; private-$3,246,400; TOTAL-$4,640,315; 32 homes destroyed; 114 homes and 13 businesses damaged 8/83 1983 Summer Storms High winds, storms, and flooding Declared: FEMA 690-DR-CA Inyo, Riverside, San Bernardino (8/29/83) Federal: 8/29/83 3 deaths Damage: public $9,589,275, private $15,102,080, agricultural $9,997,800; TOTAL-$34,689,155 11/83 Mexican Fruit Fly Declared: Los Angeles (11/4/83) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided 12/83 Levee Failure, High Winds, High Tides, Floods, Storms, Wind Driven Water Declared: Contra Costa (12/9/83), Alameda (1/18/84) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$7,240,785; private-$2.669 million; agricultural-$1 million; TOTAL-$10,909,785 4/84 Morgan Hill Earthquake 6.2M Declared: Santa Clara Federal: FEMA 4043-EM-CA (4/25//84 no deaths, 27 injuries Damage: public-$365,000; business-$1.7 million; private-$5.2 million; TOTAL-$7.265 million 7/84 Storms Fires, thunderstorms, flash flooding, and mud slides Declared: Kern Federal: not declared Damage: $1.6 million 6/85 Statewide Fires Declared: FEMA 739-DR-CA San Diego (7/1/85), City of Los Angeles (7/3/85), San Luis Obispo (7/8/85), Monterey, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz (7/9/85), Ventura (7/11/85) Federal: 4/25/84 3 deaths, 470 injured (124 civilians, 346 firefighters) Damage: public-$34,751,400; private-$30,094,464; TOTAL-$64,845,864; 375,000+ acres, 215 homes destroyed; 131 homes and businesses damaged; 71 miscellaneous structures and vehicles destroyed 9/85 Hydrilla Proliferation Aquatic weed near Sacramento River spoils water quality, destroys wildlife habitat Declared: Shasta 9/13/85 Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—only costs were from removal 10/85 Wheeler Fire Declared: Ventura (10/14/85) Federal: not declared 1 death, 2 injuries Damage: not available; 118,000 acres 3 homes, 5 mobile homes, 1 office building, 21 out buildings, and 20 vehicles destroyed 2/86 (beginning) Storms Rains, winds, flooding, and mud slides 13 deaths, 67 injuries Declared: FEMA 758-DR-CA Humboldt, Napa, Sonoma (2/18/86), Glenn, Lake, Marin, Modoc, Sacramento, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Yuba (2/19/86), Alpine, Amador, Butte, Calaveras, Colusa, El Dorado, Lassen, Mendocino, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, San Joaquin, Sierra, Sutter, Tehama, Tuolumne, Yolo (2/20/86), Fresno, Madera, San Mateo (2/26/86), Alameda, Contra Costa, Del Norte, Trinity (3/4/86), Mono, San Benito, Shasta (3/12/86) Federal: 2/18/86 Damage: public-$157,987,493; private-$249,551,411; TOTAL-$407,538,904; 12,447 homes damaged; 1,382 homes destroyed; 967 businesses damaged; 185 businesses destroyed 2/86 Heavy Rains Declared: Monterey, Siskiyou (3/26/86) Federal: not declared Damage: $400,000 8/86 Plane Crash Mid-air aircraft collision Declared: City of Cerritos (8/31/86) Federal: not declared 67 in aircraft died, 15 were killed on the ground, 2 injured Damage: 10 homes destroyed and 8 damaged 5/87 Forest Fire (Del Monte Forest Fire, Pebble Beach) Declared: Monterey County Federal: not declared no deaths, 8 injuries Damage: $15 million; 32 homes destroyed, 7 damaged 7/87 Mediterranean Fruit Fly Declared: Los Angeles (8/25/87) Federal-not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided 7/87 Acorn Fire Declared: Alpine (8/3/87) Federal: not declared no deaths, 3 injuries Damage: private-$5 million; structural-$3.5 million; 25 homes, 50 additional buildings destroyed, plus 6,600 acres of watershed 8/87 Wildland Fires Declared: Colusa, Del Norte (9/10/87), Butte, Fresno, Humboldt, Inyo, Kern, Lake, Lassen, Mariposa, Mendocino, Modoc, Mono, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, Riverside, San Bernardino, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Trinity, Tulare, Tuolumne (9/3/87) Federal: not declared 3 deaths (firefighters), 76 injuries (firefighters) Damage: $18 million (estimated); 1,070 fires. 534,661 acres burned, 835 sq. miles, 38 homes destroyed 10/87 Whittier Earthquake 5.9M Declared: FEMA 799-DR-CA Monterey Park, City of Whittier (10/2/87), Los Angeles (10/2/87), Orange (10/5/87) Federal: 10/7/87 8 deaths, plus 1 more from 5.3M aftershock on 10/4/87, 200+ injuries Damage: public-$105,322,922; private-$252,729,222; TOTAL-$358,052,144; 9,164 homes damaged or destroyed, 1,455 businesses damaged or destroyed 11/87 Wildfires/Flooding/Mud Slides Declared: San Diego (11/19/87) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$640,500; private-$4,188,650; private (mud slides)-$542,000; TOTAL-$5,371,150 11/87 Imperial County Earthquake 11/23/87—6.6M 11/24/87—6.2M Declared: Imperial (11/23/87) Federal: not declared no deaths, 94 injuries Damage: public-$1,644,000; private-$994,833; TOTAL-$2,638,833 1/88 Storms Wind, rain, high tides, and coastal flooding Declared: Santa Barbara, City of San Buenaventura (1/26/88) Federal: not declared Damage: public-$10,596,900; business-$19.722 million agriculture-$15.555 million; private-$3,542,300; TOTAL-$49,416,200 1/88 Coastal Storms Wind, rain, high tides, coastal flooding Declared: FEMA 812-DR-CA Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego (1/21/88) Federal: 2/5/88 no deaths Damage: included in above 5/88 Fire and Wind Driven Waves Declared: City of Redondo Beach (6/15/88) Federal: not declared no deaths Damage: $25 million+ (additional $1.11 million damage annually for next 2-3 years) 7/88 Mediterranean Fruit Fly Declared: Los Angeles (7/21/88) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided 7/88 Wildland Fires Declared: Calaveras (7/21/88) Federal: not declared Damage: not available 9/88 Fires (49er, Miller, and Fern) Declared: FEMA 815-DR-CA Shasta, Solano (9/20/88, beginning 9/17/88), Yuba, Nevada (9/13/88, beginning 9/11/88) Federal: 9/13/88 no deaths Damage: public-$31,247,534; business-$2,533,100; private-$18,033,800; TOTAL-$31,247,534; 238 homes destroyed, 41 homes damaged; 29 businesses destroyed 12/88 Fires/High Winds High winds and a series of fires Declared: Los Angeles (12/9/88) Federal: not declared no deaths, 2 injuries Damage: $12.4 million; 70 homes, 16 businesses damaged or destroyed 7/89 Mediterranean Fruit Fly Declared: Los Angeles (8/9/89) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided 8/89 Mediterranean Fruit Fly Declared: Santa Clara (9/6/89) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided 9/89 Mediterranean Fruit Fly Declared: San Bernardino (10/3/89) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided 10/89 Loma Prieta Earthquake 7.1M Declared: FEMA 845-DR-CA Alameda, Monterey, San Benito, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Francisco (10/18/89), Contra Costa, Marin, City of Isleton (10/23/89), City of Tracy, Solano (10/30/89) Federal: 10/18/89 63 deaths, 3,757 injuries (10/18/89) Damage: Alameda $1,479,104,500, Contra Costa $25 million, Monterey $108 million, San Benito $103.55 million, San Francisco $2 billion, San Mateo $292,941,001, Santa Clara $727.7 million, Santa Cruz $1.526 million, $500 million to $1 billion damage in roads and bridges, $20 million in state government buildings. Total: $5.9 billion; 23,408 homes damaged, 3,530 businesses damaged, 1,018 homes destroyed, 366 businesses destroyed. 11/89 Mediterranean Fruit Fly Declared: Orange (11/20/89) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided 2/90 Severe Storms Rain and snow Declared: Butte, Nevada 2/22/90) Federal: not declared 1 death, 17 injuries Damage: business-$7 million; $4.5 million in PG&E damages; 8 businesses, 1 home, 9 mobile homes destroyed; 31 businesses, 100 homes, 250 mobile homes damaged 2/90 Upland Earthquake 5.5M Declared: Los Angeles (3/9/90), San Bernardino (3/13/90) Federal: not declared no deaths, 38 injuries Damage: public-$4.87 million; business-$4.702 million; private-$2,462,150; TOTAL-$12,034,150; 501 homes and 115 businesses damaged or destroyed 4/90 Mediterranean Fruit Fly Declared: Riverside (4/18/90) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided 5/90 Mexican Fruit Fly Declared: Los Angeles, San Diego 5/14/90) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided 6/90 Fires Declared: FEMA 872-DR-CA Los Angeles, Santa Barbara (6/28/90), Riverside, San Bernardino (6/29/90) Federal: 6/30/90 3 deaths (1 civilian, 2 firefighters), 89 injuries (46 civilians, 43 firefighters) Damage: $300 million+; 22,500 blackened acres, 492 homes destroyed, 28 apartments destroyed, 15 businesses and 10 public buildings destroyed, plus 30 additional structures 7/90 Drought Declared: City of Santa Barbara 7/17/90) Federal: not declared Damage: only known cost is for mitigation; extreme water shortages, fires 8/90 (beginning) Finley Fire/Yosemite Fire Declared: Mariposa (8/13/90), Kern, Tehama (8/14/90) Federal: not declared 1 death, 84 injuries Damage: $548 million estimated; 264,092 acres burned, 187 buildings destroyed 11/90 (beginning) Drought Declared: Santa Barbara (11/13/90) Federal: not declared Damage: unknown, caused by cumulative 6 years of drought (only known cost is for mitigation) 12/90 (beginning) Freeze Declared: FEMA 894-DR-CA Santa Cruz (12/28/90), Fresno, Glenn, Imperial, Kern, Mendocino, Monterey, Riverside, San Benito, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Solano, Sonoma, Tulare, Ventura (1/11/91), Alameda, Butte, Colusa, Los Angeles, Madera, Marin, Merced, Napa, San Joaquin, San Luis Obispo, Sutter, Yolo, Yuba (1/18/91), Stanislaus, Tehama (2/14/91, beginning 12/19/90) Federal: 2/11/91 Damage: public buildings-$2,330,353; utilities-$1,614,040; crop damage-$852,385,282; TOTAL-$856,329,675; 500 broken pipes, affecting 5,400 homes 6/91 Sierra Madre Earthquake 5.8M 1 death, 30 injuries Declared: Los Angeles (7/5/91) Federal: not declared Damage: public-2$7.5 million; private-$26 million; TOTAL-$33.5 million 7/91 Cantara Spill Shasta County, Siskiyou County No state or federal declaration Damage: $38 million 300 injuries Environmental damage to 40 miles of Sacramento River 10/91 East Bay Hills Fire Declared: Alameda County, 10/20/91) Federal: 919 (10/22/91) 25 deaths, 150 injuries Damage: $1.7 billion; 3,354 family dwellings and 456 apartments destroyed 11/91 Sweet Potato Whitefly Declared: Imperial, Riverside Federal: not declared Damage: $12.7 million since 11/17; $120,567,949; Melon, alfalfa, winter vegetables, grapes, and citrus fruit crops were damaged 2/92 1992 Winter Storms Flooding, rainstorms, mud slides Declared: FEMA 935-DR-CA Los Angeles, Ventura, City of Los Angeles (2/12/92), Kern, Orange, San Bernardino (2/19/92) Federal 2/25/92 5 deaths Damage: public-$94,740,531; private-$18.5 million; business-$8.5 million, agricultural-$1.5 million; TOTAL-$123,240,531 2/92 Sewage Spill Declared: San Diego, City of Chula Vista, City of Coronado (2/7/92), San Diego (2/6 92) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable-damage was avoided by $10 million in mitigation; flowing through Point Loma to Pacific Ocean 4/92 Cape Mendocino Earthquakes a.k.a. Petrolia, Ferndale, Lost Coast Earthquake (4/25) M6.9 (4/27) M6.2, M6.5 Declared: Humboldt (4/25/92) Federal: 943 (5/5/92) no deaths, 356 injuries. Damage: individual-$429,712,100; $18,559,037; TOTAL-$48,271,137; 159 single family dwellings destroyed, 700 damaged structures, 150 bus/public buildings replaced 4/92 Los Angeles Civil Disorder Declared: FEMA 942-DR-CA Los Angeles (4/29/92) Federal: 5/22/92 53 deaths, 2,383 injuries. Damage: Total property damage—$800 million+; 1,400 damaged/destroyed buildings. 6/92 Big Bear-Landers Earthquakes 2 separate earthquakes—Landers 7.3M, Big Bear 6.7M Declared: FEMA 947-DR-CA Riverside, San Bernardino (6/28/92) Federal: 6/28/92 1 death, 402 injuries. Damage: private-$47,504,500; business-$17.010 million; public-$26,564,876; TOTAL-$91,079,376; 77 homes destroyed, 4,369 homes damaged. 17 businesses in Big Bear, 10 businesses in Landers, Joshua Tree, and Yucca Valley, 139 businesses damaged. 8/92 Fires Declared: FEMA 958-DR-CA Calaveras (event beginning 8/16/92), Shasta (event beginning 8/20/92), declared 8/21/92 Federal: 958 (8/29/92) no deaths, 8 injuries. Damage: private homes-$19,855,500; businesses-$3.086 million; public-$31.167 million; TOTAL-$54,108,500; 71,386 acres; 376 homes destroyed; 166 homes damaged; 58 businesses destroyed or damaged; 162 outbuildings destroyed or damaged 12/92 1992 Late Winter Storms Snow, rain, and high winds Declared: FEMA 979-DR-CA Alpine, Los Angels (2/19/93), Humboldt, Napa, Santa Barbara, Culver City and the City of Los Angeles (2/8/93, for event beginning 1/25/93), Contra Costa, Mendocino, Sonoma (1/25/93, for event beginning 1/25/93), Fresno, Imperial, Madera, Monterey, San Bernardino, Sierra, Tehama, Trinity, and Tulare (1/21/93, for event beginning 1/19/93), Modoc, Orange, Riverside (1/19/93, for event beginning 1/15/93), Lassen, Siskiyou (1/15/93, for event beginning 1/13/93), Plumas (1/13/93, for event beginning 1/12/93), San Diego (1/7/93, for event beginning 1/7/93) Federal 1/15/93 20 deaths, 10 injuries Damage: public property-$32,215, $600 million 9/93 Tiajuana River Pollution Declared: San Diego (9/10/93) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided Add: polluted water flowing through San Diego into the Pacific Ocean 10/6/93 New River Pollution Declared: Imperial (10/6/93) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided; polluted water flowing into and through the New River and into the Salton Sea 10/93 Southern California Firestorms Declared: FEMA 1005-DR-CA Los Angeles, Ventura (10/27/93), San Diego, Orange (10/27/93), Riverside (10/27/93), San Bernardino (10/28/93) Federal: 10/28/93 4 deaths, 162 injuries Damage: total property estimate-$1 billion; 1078 destroyed structures, 193,814 acres destroyed. Fires: arson (12), power lines (6), campfires (2) 12/93 (beginning) Mediterranean Fruit Fly Declared: Riverside (5/21/94) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided 1/94 Northridge Earthquake 6.7M Declared: FEMA 1008-DR-CA Los Angeles, Ventura (1/17/94), Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura (1/24/94) Federal: 1/17/94 57 deaths, 11,846 injuries Damage: $40 billion+ 5/94 Salmon Fisheries Caused by drought, water diversion, and degraded stream conditions. Declared: FEMA 1038-DR-CA Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma (5/20/94) Federal: 9/20/94 Damage: Lost revenue $28.3 million; lost business revenue $2 million; $100 million since 1988. 6,800 directly impacted with loss of income and potential livelihood. Parts of Oregon and Washington were also declared. 8/94 San Luis Obispo Fire (Hwy 41) Declared: San Luis Obispo (8/24/94) Federal: not declared 12 minor injuries Damage: $6,382,235 (structural and agricultural); 48,531 acres of watershed destroyed, 42 dwellings, 91 vehicles, and 61 other structures also destroyed. 9/94 Mediterranean Fruit Fly Declared: Ventura (10/7/94) Federal: not declared Damage: not applicable—damage was avoided 12/94 Humboldt Earthquake 5.9M Declared: Humboldt County (12/29/94) Federal: not declared Minor injuries Damage: $1.3 million Add: 54 dwellings, 27 businesses damaged, another 40 dwellings damaged in the unincorporated area ($348,625) 1/95 Severe Winter Storms Declared: FEMA 1044-DR-CA Los Angeles, Orange (1/6/95), Humboldt, Lake, Sonoma (1/9/95), Butte, Colusa, Contra Costa, Del Norte, Glenn, Kern, Lassen, Mendocino, Modoc, Monterey, Napa, Placer, Plumas, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Tehama, Ventura, Yolo, Yuba (1/10/95), Alpine, Amador, Nevada, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Mateo, Shasta, Sutter, Trinity (1/11/95), San Diego (1/13/95), Alameda, Marin (1/14/95), Fresno, Kings (1/17/95), El Dorado (2/15/95), Madera, Solano (2/17/95), Siskiyou (3/14/95) Federal-1044 (1/13/95) 11 deaths Damage: public-$299.6 million; individual-$128.4 million; businesses $58.4 million; highways-$158 million; ag-$97 million; TOTAL-$741.4 million; damage to homes: major-1,883; minor-4, 179; destroyed-370. 2/95 Late Winter Storms Declared: FEMA 1046-DR-CA 57 counties (all except Del Norte). Federal: 1/10/95 17 deaths Damage: public property-$190.6 million; individual-$122.4 million; business-$46.9 million; highways-$79 million; ag-$651.6 million; TOTAL-approximately $1.1 billion; damage to homes: major-1,322; minor-2,299; destroyed-267 10/96 Southern California Firestorms Declared: Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego counties (10/96) Federal: 3120-EM-CA (emergency declaration only) 5 injuries Damage: $40 million; 344 homes damaged or destroyed. 12/96 to 1/97 January 1997 Floods Declared: Alpine, Amador, Butte, Colusa, Del Norte, El Dorado, Glenn, Humboldt, Lake, Lassen, Modoc, Napa, Nevada, Plumas, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Sierra, Siskiyou, Solano, Sonoma, Sutter, Tehama, Trinity, Yuba (1/2/97); Calaveras, Madera, Mono, Monterey, Placer, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, Shasta, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, Yolo (1/3/97); Contra Costa, Fresno, Marin, Tulare (1/5/97); Mariposa (1/6/97); Merced, Santa Clara (1/10/97); Alameda, San Francisco (1/19/97); Kings, San Luis Obispo (1/31/97). Federal: all 48 counties listed above 8 deaths Damage: $1.8 billion Add: 300 square miles of land flooded; 23,000 homes, 2,000 busineses damaged or destroyed. 2/2/98 El Nino Declared: Alameda, Amador, Butte, Calaveras, Colusa, Contra Costa, Fresno, Glenn, Humboldt, Kern, Kings, Lake, Los Angeles, Marin, Mendocino, Merced, Monterey, Napa, Orange, Riverside, Sacramento, San Benito, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Siskiyou, Solano, Sonoma, Stanislaus, Sutter, Tehama, Trinity, Tulare, Ventura, Yolo, Yuba. Federal: All above except Kings and Siskiyou counties 17 deaths Damage: $550 million 12/98 Freeze 1998-1999 Declared: Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Monterey, Tulare, Ventura. Federal: 2/9/99

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